Session
1: Wellbeing and Collective Action
- Wellbeing, Democracy and Political Violence
in Bangladesh - Joe Devine, University of Bath
- Rethinking agency in collective action - Frances
Cleaver -
University of Bradford.
- Prospects of Collective Action and Well-Being of
Subordinate
Groups in Contexts
of Inequality and Domination -
Shapan Adnan, National University of Singapore
- Collective Action: Contested Values in the
Pursuit of Wellbeing in Thailand -
Buapun Promphakping, WeD
Session 2: Wellbeing, Gender and Generation
- Marriage, Family and the Cultural Construction
of Wellbeing in Bangladesh - Sarah White, University of Bath
- Life course, wellbeing and social exclusion.
Narratives
of older women in Buenos
Aires - Peter Lloyd Sherlock and Catherine Locke, UEA
- Well-being and Crises: Household Vulnerability and
Resilience in three Bangladesh
Communities -
Iqbal Alam Khan
- Intergenerational Transfer of Poverty/Wealth:
Evidences from Four Communities in
Ethiopia– Yisak Tafere, WeD/Young Lives,
Ethiopia
Session 3: Wellbeing
and Social Order
- Social Analysis and Social Ordering: Destitution
and the Durability of Poverty - Maia Green,
School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester.
- Vulnerability and poverty persistence in a capability
setting - Armando Barrientos, IDS Sussex
- Fluid Identities, exploring ethnicity in Peru -
Maritza Paredes, University of Oxford
- “You are not going
there
to amuse yourself,” Barriers in constructing wellbeing through international
migration: The case of Peruvian migrants in London and Madrid - Katie Wright-Revolledo,
Intrac/University of Bath
Marriage, Family and the Cultural
Construction of Wellbeing in Bangladesh
Sarah White [email protected]
The focus on ‘wellbeing’ promises
to increase the range of issues or dimensions of life: in
shorthand, to go beyond ‘the economic’. The signature
move is to include people’s own (‘subjective’)
perspectives alongside material (‘objective’)
indicators, typically through the language of ‘values’ and ‘goals’.
Admission of ‘cultural difference’ recognises
that ‘values’ will differ from place to place.
The notion of ‘cultural construction’ suggests
a more profound challenge. First, it questions the easy opposition
of objective versus subjective, or material reality versus
people’s perceptions. Second, it transcends individualism,
showing how individual perceptions are grounded in shared
meanings through culture; and how experience is essentially
constituted in relation to others.
This paper considers what WeD research
on marriage and family relations shows of the construction
of wellbeing in Bangladesh.
Marriage and family are at the heart of what matters to people
in Bangladesh. They are core to all three dimensions of wellbeing
WeD identifies: living a good life (values and ideals); having
a good life (material welfare and standards of living); and
locating one’s life (experience and subjectivity).
In providing idioms of relatedness, structures of governance,
and instantiation of a moral order, marriage and family also
constitute social institutions which are foundational to
the broader organization of society in Bangladesh. Interpretation
draws on a wider discussion of how personal relations are
represented and experienced in South Asia. The paper focuses
on the ways people conceive and negotiate their relatedness
with respect to the three wellbeing dimensions. These reveal
a world in which the moral and material are deeply intertwined,
where the pragmatics of inter-personal politics configure
an over-arching moral order in and through engagement in
the mundane.
Life course,
wellbeing and social exclusion. Narratives of older women
in Buenos Aires
Peter Lloyd Sherlock and Catherine
Locke [email protected]
This study applies a lifecourse analysis to understanding
the wellbeing of older people in a socially-excluded setting.
Adopting a subjective approach, the study focuses on lifetime
relations with children and grandchildren. Analysis of
oral histories of 22 older people illustrates the complexity
of their lived experiences and the significance of key
turning points in making sense of their lives. Informants
speak of the anxiety and harm caused by children with problems,
of remote relations with successful children, and the insecurity
of their neighbourhood. The evidence questions received
notions about the links between childbearing and wellbeing
in later life.
Keywords: lifecourse, Argentina, social exclusion, wellbeing
Intergenerational
Transfer of Poverty/Wealth: Evidences from
four Communities in Ethiopia
Yisak
Tafere [email protected]
The paper tries to examine how parents transfer poverty/
wealth to their children and how these were governed by the
community norms. It aims at understanding how persistent
poverty in Ethiopia could partly be interwoven in the social
fabrics and calling for relatively effective contextualized
interventions in reducing child poverty.
Data used to produce this paper were collected in three
different levels of WeD research: the Resource and Needs
Questionnaire (RANQ), in-depth household and individual interviews,
and, specific open-ended protocols designed to understand
the intergenerational poverty/wealth transmissions.
The research output indicated that transfer of wealth required
following many alternatives until the child really sets
up an independent life. Poverty transmission was largely
the inability to invest on the future of the child by poor
parents. But as it also involved parents’ preference
of child work to education, some non-poor people failed
to transfer their wealth to their children. Poor parents
were more likely to engage their children in income generating
activities to maintain the household, whereas non-poor
parents needed their children to take on family work. Some
poor parents, however, used different mechanisms to invest
on their children to become richer adults.
Socio-economic environment, localised
norms of entitlement including gender, age and birth order,
besides other factors,
strongly affected parental investment on education of children.
Though parents and children have significant difference in
their perception of parents’ obligation towards developing
children’s future, cultural norms appeared to favour
the parents and there was no legal sanction which enforces
children’s expectations.
It emerged that, norms, not only govern transfers of wealth/poverty,
but also they themselves were simultaneously transmitted
from parents to children. Strong family ties and interdependence
between family members guaranteed the transmission of values,
attitudes and customs inherited from the older to the younger.
Social
Analysis and Social Ordering: Destitution and the Durability
of Poverty
Maia Green [email protected]
This paper explores poverty as an outcome not of market
failure or economics but of social organisation. Starting
from an anthropological perspective, which critically interrogates
categories as well as objects of analysis, I argue that the
way in which poverty is theorised in development obliterates
the salience of social organisation as a key factor in determining
who gets what and how social harm is distributed. Insights
from studies of destitution support this line of argument.
Destitution is shown to be a social process of recategorisation
of a person’s previous entitlements, often predetermined
by prior social status. Similar processes of reorganisation
are evident in the dynamics of witchcraft accusation in contemporary
Africa . Such processes of individuation and the redrafting
of what is constituted as legitimate dependency, and hence
the right to social support, are not confined to extreme
instances of desperate local restructuring as occurs in the
case of destitution and witchcraft allegations. They are
central to the organisation of modern economies premised
on the core normative relationship represented not as those
between persons as individuals, but between individuals and
markets.
Vulnerability
and poverty persistence in a capability setting
Armando
Barrientos [email protected]
The paper explores the linkages between vulnerability and
persistent poverty in a capability setting. Capability theory
seeks to explain the production of well being and in doing
so it provides guidance on the most appropriate measures
to identify and measure poverty understood as significant
well being deficits. There is growing understanding that
poverty is multidimensional, not only in term of the range
of deficits that could be involved but also in respect to
its duration. A concern with chronic or persistent poverty
can be justified not only in terms of the greater harm that
it generates, but also because whole lives are the most appropriate
space in which to measure and evaluate well being. The paper
outlines and discusses the different components of well being
production and the associated processes of transformation,
showing how vulnerability could result in persistent poverty.
The paper demonstrates that capability theory offers a good
basis for developing a more general framework to explain
chronic poverty, than existing approaches which rely on assets,
income, or the life course. The paper then discusses how
capability theory can be extended to support an improved
understanding of vulnerability and poverty persistence. This
approach is capable of incorporating non-market factors such
as social exclusion as sources of vulnerability and chronic
poverty, and it is also helpful in drawing attention to the
interconnectedness of different sources of vulnerability,
for example those associated with old age. The paper then
considers how this framework could be applied empirically,
using a variety of examples. It concludes by considering
the main policy implications emerging from this approach,
and suggests that integrated anti-poverty programmes are
most likely to be effective in addressing vulnerability and
chronic poverty.
Well-being
and Crises: Household Vulnerability and Resilience in three
Bangladesh
Communities
Iqbal Alam Khan [email protected]
In general Bangladesh presents a negative image to the
global community characterized by its environmental disasters,
political instability, corruption and poverty. Contrary to
this image, it has also been seen that despite the material
hardship, often created through adverse shocks, people's
lives are not full of misery. Keeping in mind this broad
perspective, this paper will investigate how (i) the shocks
experienced by them affect their well-being and (ii) their
resilience prepares them to absorb the shocks.
Taking its lead from the local understandings
of crises, and using data gathered under the WeD research
in sites in
Manikgonj District, this paper presents an analysis of how
a range of events or shocks affect people’s well-being.
Focusing on floods and health crises, it demonstrates how
events of a different nature affect three main dimensions
of people’s well-being: their material assets, their
household relations and their wider community relations.
The main focus of the psychology literature on well-being
or quality of life is on the individual. This paper argues
that although this focus is important, it does not allow
us to fully understand why people's level of happiness or
quality of life does not always correlate with changes in
the determinants of their economic position. This highlights
the significance of 'household resilience' in overcoming
hardship created by the crises. This notion of 'household
resilience' requires us to integrate analysis across social
and psychological boundaries.
This paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding
of 'household resilience' using a notion of 'cognitive
homeotasis', suggested by Cummins and Nistico (2002). This
is an evolutionary survival mechanism that allows people
to remain positive and adapt to adverse environments. This
paper also elaborates the process of 'causal pathway’of
Cummins' model in explaining the linkage between the resource
base functioning and life satisfaction. Finally this paper
suggests the socio-economic policy implication of the issues
examined.
Fluid
Identities, exploring ethnicity in Peru
Maritza Paredes [email protected]
This paper analyses information about
salient ethnic identities in Peru collected through a survey
and follow-up interviews.
The results of the survey show that there are not clear boundaries
for ethnicity in Peru, not even language; but it does not
mean that flexible forms of ‘ethnic categorisation’ do
not exist in the country today. They do.
We find evidence of a strong sense of both ethnic identity
and discrimination. The language of the answers is complex
and rich, but when the question is narrowed, the answer
is delivered with an unexpected strength and clarity.
While
ethnic prejudice has not only resulted in passivity, denial
of the group or alienation, but also, in other instances,
in a new appreciation of an individual’s own identity;
it is clear that it has perverse effects on the appreciation
of people’s ethnic identity. In a context where prejudice
is the norm --against the Indian in the provinces, and against
the serrano in Lima—the need for denial or suppression
of identity, or the creation of clear differences between
groups can be understood. The imperative of this differentiation
can include harm to an individual’s own group.
The paper also brings insights as to the different effects
and consequences of salient ethnic identities.
Most people
are aware of the effects of racial and cultural traits
on people’s chances of getting access to jobs. While much
has been accomplished for them or their parents through the
process of migration and education, still the most desirable
jobs in the private sector seem to run up against the devastating
exclusionary power of appearance, whether this is purely
aesthetic or ethnic. In the government, access to opportunities
comes up against problems of connection and corruption. Power
is seen to be in the hands of whites and mestizos. In the
provinces, mestizos are aware of their power locally, but
in Lima, all agree that power is in the hands of the whites
in most institutions of the government, and even more so,
in the private sector. Finally, while ethnicity is deeply
felt in the private life, it does not crystallize in public
sphere. The feeling of a fragmented community and a complex
political system results in the frustration of leadership
and the belief that any political effort will run into the
sand of corruption: too many people from different places
to trust, too many different and complex steps to manage
the system and too much risk in the informal economy and
insecure jobs to get organized.
“You
are not going there to amuse yourself,” Barriers in
constructing wellbeing through international migration: The
case of Peruvian migrants in London and Madrid -
Katie Wright-Revolledo [email protected]
This paper investigates the processes through which migrants
achieve wellbeing and the blocks that they experience drawing
on research conducted over a period of eighteen months with
Peruvian migrants based in London and Madrid. The findings
reveal insights into changes in subjective states that relate
to the experience of moving between different cultural systems
or repertoires of meaning. The main blocks to achieving wellbeing
outcomes are explored as losses at the individual level leading
to behavioural shifts such as cultural shedding or cultural
learning. It also evidences how lack of social support experienced
in the societies of settlement (compounded by changes experienced
in the acculturating group) lead to social isolation and
acculturative stress undermining the achievement of wellbeing.
Full paper
Wellbeing,
Democracy and Political Violence in Bangladesh -
Joe Devine [email protected]
Contemporary discussions of wellbeing tend to focus on
the idea of individual enhancement or flourishing and in
so doing, empty the concept of any real political meaning.
This paper works from the premise that wellbeing is a fundamentally
political concept and that its everyday pursuit is inherently
contested, fraught with uncertainty and subject to constant
challenge. This argument is developed and illustrated using
empirical data from WeD research in Bangladesh. The evidence
presented in the paper points to the emergence of a new political
landscape in Bangladesh that rests on two linked social phenomena:
the deepening of political party activity and the rise of
organized groups known as mastaans or musclemen. The overlap
between political party activity and mastaan activity is
considerable, and comes to mark the boundaries of social
interaction; dominate the struggle for valued resources;
and inform the articulation of wider social order. The co-existence
of the two phenomena introduces an important paradox. On
the one hand, the deepening of political party activity heralds
the opening up of new democratic spaces in which, in theory,
people can address their wellbeing needs in a more direct
manner. On the other hand, the fact that musclemen control
the rules that govern these new democratic spaces, means
that the practical struggle for wellbeing exposes people
to an intimidating and violent form of politics. The article
will also explore the implications of this paradox for people’s
experience and expectations of citizenship.
Rethinking
agency in collective action
Frances Cleaver [email protected]
Participatory approaches to development have
gained increased prominence over the past decade, encompassing
ideas about the desirability of citizens actively engaging
in the institutions, policies and discourses which shape
their access to resources.
Central to participatory approaches is the concept of human
agency. Purposive individual action is seen as potentially
radical and transformatory. Through everyday social practices,
participation in public institutions and political engagement
people can supposedly re-negotiate norms, challenge inequalities,
claim and extend their rights.
In this paper I explore how we need better understandings
of the ways in which individual human agency shapes and is
shaped by relations to others, institutions and social structures.
The intention is to explore the factors which constrain and
enable the exercise of agency for different people. Why are
some individuals better placed to participate, politically
engage and shape decision-making than others? Examples from
participatory natural resource management are used to conceptually
engage with these questions.
The paper examines six dimensions of agency:
•
How moral/ world views (concepts of the ‘right way
of doing things’, the perceived relationship between
social and natural orders, respect etc) shape the exercise
of agency.
• How the complexity of individual
identities impacts upon agency.
• How agency is exercised in situations
of the unequal interdependence of connected livelihoods.
• How structural limitations shape individuals’ ability
to exercise agency .
• Agency and embodiment. How the
physical capacity to exercise agency affects ability to
participate and access
resources.
• Emotionality and motivation: the conscious and unconscious ‘disciplining’ of
subjects, which shapes their exercise of agency and impacts
on individual and collective decision making
Prospects
of Collective Action and Well-Being of Subordinate Groups
in Contexts of Inequality and Domination
Shapan Adnan
[email protected]
Attainment of well-being through collective
action of the poor and the weak remains unrealistic under
conditions
where domination reinforces social and economic inequality.
Even if there is covert resistance on the lines suggested
by Scott (Weapons of the Weak), it is largely ineffective
in making substantial dents in prevalent relationships
of domination and exploitation. A crucial question is:
under what conditions do subordinate individuals and groups
risk collective action which may involve open confrontation
with the powerful and the wealthy? While this issue is
not problematized in Scott’s formulation, there is
significant evidence to demonstrate that there can be departures
from everyday resistance leading to overt collective action
by the poor and the weak. The interesting analytical issues
pertain to the factors and mechanisms through which such
collective action takes shape, involving transmission of
will between individuals, crossing of thresholds of fear,
and coordinated group activities, despite apprehension
about reactive violence and repression unleashed by dominant
groups.
In this paper, I present and analyze selected instances
of collective action in contexts of domination and inequality
from South and Southeast Asian countries. In particular,
case studies of open defiance by poor peasants, wage workers
and marginalized groups, based on my own research in Bangladesh,
are drawn upon to illustrate the alternative scenarios under
which everyday resistance can be punctuated by overt confrontation.
A typology of such forms of collective action is presented
on the basis of the analysis. It is arguable that a better
understanding of these processes can indicate ways of mobilizing
subordinate groups that may lead to alternative means of
enhancing their well-being. These may be also suggestive
of policy implications that are somewhat outside the range
of conventional development discourse.
Collective Action:
Contested Values in the Pursuit of Wellbeing in Thailand
Buapun Promphakping [email protected]
There has been longstanding recognition of the potential
positive impacts of collective action in development processes.
Collective action has variously been argued to have social,
political and economic benefits. It may contribute to social
capital formation; it may increase the efficiency of democratic
institutionalization; and it can also minimize transaction
costs in ways that can help to improve economic performance.
However, with the increasing acknowledgement that growth
or wealth does not simply equate to development, and with
growing interest in exploring development from a wellbeing
perspective, the issue of collective action demands further
attention. Collective action touches on many elements of
life that are central to our notions of wellbeing: for example,
competence, relatedness, identity and community. This paper
examines the link between different forms of collective action
and the social and cultural construction of wellbeing in
the context of rapid change of Thailand. It is based on empirical
research undertaken by the WeD -Thailand team in the South
and Northeast, between 2004 and 2007. Thailand has a history
in which collective action has been promoted by a number
of different development agents; the state, the market, NGOs
or civil society, international development agencies such
as the World Bank and ADB, and communities themselves. All
of these forms of collective action have been intended to
have particular outcomes for the people who are involved
in them, but in conventional development analysis there has
been a tendency to focus only on the instrumental outcomes
of the action. Using a wellbeing perspective this paper argues
that collective action driven by different agents promotes
different sets of values and goals. In villages and communities
this means that collective action is a locus where identities
and meanings are contested. The extent to which local people
can achieve wellbeing through collective action therefore
cannot be understood only from an objective welfare perspective;
rather it is necessary to considered how the shaping of values
and meanings has a broader significance for different people
in their pursuit of wellbeing. The paper considers three
types of collective action: religious based collective action;
saving and credit based collective action; and occupation
based collective action, and presents an analysis of three
case studies.
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