Session 1: 9.00-10.30
- ‘A
sketch of an account of the human good’ -
John Mackinnon
- ‘Capitalism and
Human Flourishing’ – Des
Gasper
- ‘The Roles of Human,
Social and Cultural Resources in Adapting Livelihood Strategies
to Meet Wellbeing Aspirations
in Contemporary Thailand’ - Awae Masae
- Indigenous Peoples perspectives of well-being - Björn-Sören
Gigler
Session 2: 14.00-15.30
- ‘Income, Expenditure and Debt in the Construction
of Wellbeing: Does ‘Relationship’ Matter?’ -
Zulfiqar Ali
- ‘The role of income
in mitigating the relationship between resources and needs
satisfaction: Evidence from Bangladesh’ – Andy
McKay with Wan-Jung Chou
- ‘The Development
of Capability Indicators and their Relation to Life Satisfaction’ – Paul Anand et
al.
- Social Capabilities and Economic Development -
Paul Auerbach (Reader, Kingston)
Session 3: 16.00-17.30
- ‘Ill-health, urban livelihoods and
wellbeing in Kenya and Zambia’ - Carole Rakodi and Emmanuel Nkurunziza
- ‘Poverty Dynamics
and Life Trajectories in Rural Bangladesh’ - Bob Baulch and Peter Davis
- ‘Destitution Pathways,
Risks and Shocks: Case studies of households in the four
rural sites of the Wellbeing in
Developing Countries Research Project’ - Alula Pankhurst
Ill-health, urban livelihoods and wellbeing in Kenya and
Zambia - Carole Rakodi and Emmanuel Nkurunziza
International Development Department, University of Birmingham.
E-mail: [email protected]
It is alleged that ill-health, especially
HIV-AIDS, has devastating effects on both the composition
and livelihoods
of many urban households and the social networks on which
they draw for mutual support, with the result that poverty
has deepened and become entrenched and social capital has
deteriorated in African cities with high prevalence rates.
The paper will present the outcomes of research that examined
the livelihoods of urban households living in informal settlements
in Nairobi, Lusaka and Ndola. Using a semi-random sample
of households, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative
methods, the study attempted to assess the nature and extent
of the impacts of ill-health on livelihood strategies and
household wellbeing. A comparative analysis of the findings
will be complemented by discussion of the conceptual and
methodological issues that arose during the study. Urban
Zambia is characterised by long duration chronic poverty – households
have generally been poor for a long time, ‘churning’ appears
to be limited and people have adapted to their poverty. In
Nairobi, in contrast, urban households appear to be better
off on the whole than in Zambia, but the economic situation
in which they find themselves is also more volatile. These
and other findings will be reported in the paper. Concern
that studies which concentrate on households in crisis or
under severe stress over-estimate the prevalence of shocks,
household breakdown and deteriorating social capital led
us to select semi-random samples for the household surveys,
complemented by qualitative research. This approach has indeed
provided a picture of ‘more typical’ households
in low income informal settlements, but also encountered
a number of methodological difficulties which will be discussed
in the paper.
Link to paper available soon
Poverty dynamics and life trajectories
in rural Bangladesh - Bob Baulch and Peter Davis E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
This paper presents interim findings from an
ongoing longitudinal study into poverty dynamics and life
trajectories in rural Bangladesh. The study integrates a
quantitative panel survey of 1787 core households with a
sub-sample of approximately 300 qualitative life history
interviews with the aim of exploring the dynamics of poverty
and the main drivers of change in people’s lives. In
this paper, we report on the lessons we have learned in integrating
the two qualitative and quantitative approaches, present
some interim findings based on the data collected in two
of the study sites (involving 847 households and 71 life
history interviews), and discuss initial implications for
policy aimed at reducing poverty and protecting the poorest.
We draw particular attention to the importance of shocks
and other intermittent events and the ‘lumpy’ expenditure
patterns (involving the costs, inter alia, of medical treatment,
dowries and weddings, or court cases) they create, which
have long-term impacts on people’s life trajectories.
Because of the periodic ‘one off’ nature of these
events, the serious impacts which such ‘lumpy’ expenditures
have on poor people’s lives tend to be missed in many
household surveys. Crises associated with the division of
households and other family disputes (which are often associated
with land or dowries) are also very important sources of
decline, even for richer households. As a consequence, many
of the life trajectories we observed resemble either upward
or downward ‘saw tooth’ patterns, rather than
the smooth process of accumulation or sharp declines that
are hypothesised by quantitative analysts. While we find
it is sometimes difficult to reconcile qualitative and quantitative
findings, we believe that a fully integrated and sequenced
approach to the study of poverty dynamics helps to compensate
for the blind spots of any single approach, and strengthens
the overall research process. The process of understanding
differences provided us with many opportunities for mutual
learning, and the cross checking and triangulation of findings,
and is helping us gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities
and challenges that poor people face as they struggle to
improve their lives.
Link
to paper
Destitution Pathways, Risks and Shocks:
Case studies of households in the four rural sites of the
Wellbeing in Developing
Countries Research Project - Alula Pankhurst
E-mail: [email protected]
This paper is based on household level
data from four rural sites, and considers case studies
of households that have
moved into poverty and become trapped into destitution particularly
over the past 10 years and the effects of social shocks on
households’ status. The households included for analysis
comprise households studied by the WeD research project,
which showed a marked decrease in terms of livestock assets,
consumption and self assessment between 1994 and 2004, selected
by economists on the basis of the Ethiopian Rural Household
Survey (ERHS) as well as households that were found to be
very poor according to an asset index based on the WeD Resources
and Needs Survey (RANS), and households that suffered from
social shocks. The paper seeks to understand the factors
that underlie processes of destitution and the dynamics of
household downward trajectories using data from diaries,
adult lives, household standard of living and contentment
graphs and timelines, household profiles, histories, shocks,
events, and relationships. It identifies routes of impoverishment,
and describes the complexities of processes through analysing
selected in-depth case studies to suggest a more subtle understanding
of local realities and people’s individual and collective
efforts to cope with impoverishment in the selected sites.
Full Paper
Income, Expenditure and Debt in the Construction
of Wellbeing: Does ‘Relationship’ Matter? -
Zulfiqar Ali
E-mail: [email protected]
The paper discusses the role of income,
expenditure and debt in the construction of wellbeing with
special emphasis
on the ‘relational’ dimensions. Income and expenditure
patterns offer a powerful analysis of how people use resources
at their disposal to meet specific needs and enhance their
quality of life. The paper offers a statistical analysis
of income and expenditure patterns to identify and examine
sources of income and priority areas of expenditure. The
analysis of income against expenditure reveals the level
and extent of people’s indebtedness, and how important
this is to achieve particular wellbeing outcomes. How people
manage their debts becomes therefore an important focus of
the paper. It also tries to seek to answer the question of ‘what
does income, expenditure and debt tell us about the particular
circumstances of the community in order to have an improved
understanding of resources and needs relationship’.
It also discusses variations and fluctuations in the composition
of income, areas of expenditure, and debt management across
sites, class and season. The analysis highlights the relational
dimension of wellbeing as it identifies key actors in the
provision of credit, as well as examines the terms or rules
under which people interact with these actors. ‘Debt’ and ‘relational’ dimensions
therefore play the central role in the analysis of this paper.
Link to paper available soon
A sketch of an account of the human good - John Mackinnon
E-mail: [email protected]
This paper summarises an account of the human good based
on non-utilitarian foundations, arising from experience as
an economist working on poverty reduction and dissatisfaction
with existing conceptual frameworks. The human good is the
property of human lives that gives us reason to be glad they
exist. Even given an absolute ranking of possible worlds,
any philosophical account of the human good will be an approximation,
because no verbal account can capture all ethically relevant
aspects of possible worlds. Different approximations are
useful for different purposes and contexts. The account draws
on both Greek and Jewish residues in English, and on both
continental and Anglo-Saxon philosophy. The account is developed
from a schema for describing lifestyles, which, like Aristotle,
focuses on activity (not capability or virtue). A lifestyle
is defined as a set of regular or occasional activities:
the reasons for which they are undertaken: the attitudes
held towards them: the experiences derived from them: and
the beliefs held about them. A very important complication
is that our activities at any moment can be described in
many different ways. There is considerable empirical potential
in this schema. Considering each dimension, it is suggested
that better human lives have to do with activities performed
for their own sake; with activities carried out in a certain
spirit; and with positive experiences including pleasure,
happiness and joy, but that the implication of taking these
terms seriously is towards an ethic of attentiveness. It
is also argued that important aspects of the human good are
best thought of beyond the individual level.
Link
to paper
The Roles of Human, Social and Cultural Resources in Adapting
Livelihood Strategies to Meet Wellbeing Aspirations in
Contemporary Thailand - Awae Masae
The adaptation of livelihood strategies
is important if individuals and households in Thailand
are to improve their
living conditions and meet rising wellbeing aspirations in
the context of population growth and increasing pressures
on natural resources. Rapid changes in economy and society,
and the development of physical infrastructure have enabled
a considerable degree of flexibility in changing livelihood
strategies at the local level, but it is important that other
aspects of adaptation to development and change are considered.
This paper draws on the research of WeD Thailand and uses
empirical evidence from comprehensive field studies in seven
communities in both the South and Northeast Regions of Thailand.
The research confirms that most rural and peri-urban households
can no longer depend on a single economic activity and that ‘pluriactivity’ is
increasingly common. While farming activities continue to
provide an important foundation for livelihoods in rural
and peri-urban communities, the trend for young household
members to seek non-agricultural or ‘modern sector’ work
outside their communities is increasingly evident. This trend
provides important insights for our understanding of the
dynamics of wellbeing in contemporary Thailand. The research
explores the resource profiles of households and individuals
and identifies a number of key factors that differentiate
them in the processes of adaptation to change. Social resources
are important as these provide networks through which it
is possible to make connections to and secure non-agricultural
work. Additionally, strongly embedded social resources that
appear in the form of strong ties with families and close
relatives help in easing obstacles and hardship faced in
some processes of livelihood adaptation. Human resource development
is also highlighted as providing an important means of effectively
adapting livelihood strategies to meet wellbeing aspirations.
The educational improvement of young household members plays
a significant role in them acquiring “good jobs” in
the modern sector, as well as in broadening their opportunities
for further learning for continued livelihood adaptation.
However, it is also important to take account of the cultural
dimensions of these processes. A good education is still
highly regarded in much of Thai society and it can defer
social status. As such, a ‘good education’ can
be regarded as an important cultural resource in the context
of change. But, cultural resources acquire their significance
from their foundations in social values. These same systems
of value affect a persons’ decisions about what “to
do” or “not to do” in the process of livelihood
adaptation. The study indicates that these decisions differ
among different groups of people and this affects the ways
in which they adapt to change. Differences in all of these
resource dimensions, between regions, communities and household
socio-economic categories are discussed and compared.
The role of income in mitigating the relationship
between resources and needs satisfaction: evidence from Bangladesh – Andy
McKay with Wan-Jung Chou
E-mail: [email protected]
Central to the WeD research framework
is the relationship between the different categories of
resources to which households
have access and the extent to which they are able to satisfy
basic and intermediate needs. Previous analysis based on
the resources and needs questionnaire (RANQ) household survey
conducted as part of the WeD project has provided significant
evidence across the four countries in which the survey was
conducted for the strong association between resources and
the extent of need satisfaction (McGregor et al, 2007). Unsurprisingly
there is a strong association between access to material
and human resources and needs satisfaction; but social resources
also play an important role, for example through participation
in community activities or having relatives in positions
of responsibility in public policy (government or NGO). There
are different channels through which the relationship between
resources and needs satisfaction is mitigated, both public
and private. This paper is a preliminary investigation looking
specifically the role of income in this process, by combining
data from the RANQ survey with the results of a household
income and expenditure survey conducted on a subset of the
same households. Besides looking at the levels of household
income in relation to the resources to which households have
access (in descriptive terms and through a multivariate model),
the paper also presents a profile of the different income
sources to which households have access, also looking at
the income combinations – and hence diversification – households
are able to achieve. It considers the extent to which access
to high earning income sources, as well as positive forms
of income diversification, are related to the resources to
which households have access, also asking to what extent
social resources play an important role in this process.
The analysis is primarily at the household level because
this is the level at which income – and much of the
resource data – is primarily collected. The paper also
briefly considers the links between income levels and sources
to which households and their members have access and their
levels of needs satisfaction. Unsurprisingly this relationship
between income and needs satisfaction is less strong, for
various reasons including the intermediate role of expenditure
and the importance of intra-household allocation issues.
These issues need to be investigated more in future research,
both based on further analysis of the quantitative data (to
the extent that the survey data enables this) and through
combination with qualitative research.
Capitalism and Human Flourishing – Des Gasper
Email: [email protected]
Much discussion considers how efficacious
capitalism is with respect to some conception or conceptions
of human flourishing.
Two provisos are vital. First, we can too easily essentialize ‘capitalism’.
Second, defences of capitalism are in terms of its instrumentality
for far more than economic growth. It is also defended as
being: a field of freedom; a forcing ground of innovation;
a system for widespread involvement in decision making and
hence for the growth of skills, knowledge and experience;
a mechanism to reward effort and creativity; and a stable
basis for political democracy. Each of these defences carries
a potential for critical assessment too. After this clarification,
I will focus more on which conception(s) of human flourishing
capitalism promotes. Multiple conceptions of flourishing
may exist under capitalism, but certain types of conception
are promoted by and in harmony with it. Capitalism does not
match existing theorised conceptions of well-being very well – pleasure/satisfaction,
preference fulfilment, needs fulfilment, and so on. Its motor
of unending restless expansion and destruction seems rather
to fit an activist, productivist conception of well-being—activity
itself is the good. Yet paradoxically, the typical conception
of work under capitalism is as a cost. Extending capitalist
accounting categories from an individual capitalist enterprise
to an entire society has profound implications. The results
it produces in discounting of future costs and benefits are
well-known. I will examine the prior categorization of costs
and benefits: the classification of paid work time as a cost,
despite extensive evidence that for many people work is a
major source of fulfilment. This categorization can produce
major distortions in assessments and prioritizations. Can
an alternative conceptualization of work be used for a more
adequate treatment of human flourishing?
Full paper
The Development of Capability Indicators and their Relation
to Life Satisfaction
Paul Anand, Dept of Economics, Open University, [email protected]
The paper is motivated by sustained interest
in the capabilities approach to welfare economics combined
with the purported paucity of economic statistics that measure
capabilities at the individual level. Specifically, it takes
a focal account of normatively desirable capabilities constitutive
of a good life and operationalizes that account by means
of a new survey instrument used to elicit information about
capabilities at the individual level. The paper explores
the extent to which these capabilities are co-variates of
a life satisfaction measure of utility (‘happiness’)
and finds that many are. Aspects of robustness are explored
using standard socio-demographic variables as well as a relatively
novel control for personality; in addition, a range of different
models are explored and sub-population differences are examined.
Full paper
Social Capabilities and
Economic Development
Paul Auerbach [email protected]
Development is different from economic growth.
The capabilities approach of Amartya Sen yields important
insights into the development process, but has been criticised
for having an overly individualistic orientation that puts
culture and social structure to one side. But even from a
strictly economic perspective, individualistic approaches,
including standard growth measures, are deficient for evaluating
and measuring development in Sen’s sense - the expansion
of capabilities. The standard economic growth measure precludes
consideration of a broad range of factors which impinge upon
the expansion of a nation’s capabilities such as income
distribution and, most specifically, the positive externalities
incumbent upon improvements in the stock of human assets
from education; the latter improvements are likely to manifest
themselves in ordinary growth statistics with a considerable
lag. The presence of such lagged effects on growth is supported
with historical and statistical evidence.
Full paper
Indigenous Peoples perspectives
of well-being
Björn-Sören
Gigler [email protected]
Development interventions have frequently failed to produce
positive results or had negative effects on indigenous communities,
due to important conceptual differences in the vision about
development between development professionals and indigenous
peoples. Whereby development agencies have frequently overemphasized
the material and economic dimensions of development, indigenous
peoples stress the importance of the non-income dimensions,
including the social, cultural and spiritual aspects of well-being.
For the first time in Bolivia’s history the government
of Evo Morales has based its National Development Plan on a
holistic view of development which places the concept of people’s
well-being in the center of its strategy. This raises the key
question on how to define an indigenous peoples’ perspective
of well-being?
This article—based on fieldwork carried out in the Bolivia
between 2003 and 2006 — offers an analysis of indigenous
peoples’ own perspectives on their individual and collective
well-being. The article analyzes the different aspects and
relationships among the social, economic, political, ecological,
organizational and psychological dimensions of well-being.
Using the results from the fieldwork in the city of El Alto,
Tiahuanacu (highlands), Comarapa (valleys) and Concepción
(lowlands), the article highlights the important difference
between indigenous communities. The results also show that
important difference within communities exists, whereby the
views of indigenous women and youth are frequently not being
adequately represented by the indigenous leadership. Thus an
open question remains on how the central government can base
its new National Development Plan on an indigenous perspective
of well-being, given the vast cultural and social differences
between and within indigenous communities.
Keywords: indigenous peoples, well-being, Bolivia, multiple
dimensions of poverty, capability approach, social capabilities
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