Session
1: Qualitative & mixed methods approaches to wellbeing
- 9.00-10.30
- The meaning of wellbeing:
a grassroots level perspective ? How much of it is visible
to the researchers? - Meera Tiwari
- Well-Being is a Process of Becoming:
Research with Organic Farmers in Madagascar - Cathy Farnworth
- Does Mixed Methods Research Matter To Understanding
Childhood Well-Being? - Andrew Sumner, Nicola Jones
- 'Translation
is not enough’:
Using the Global Person Generated Index (GPGI) to assess
Individual Quality
of Life in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Ethiopia -
Laura Camfield, Danny Ruta
Session 2: Culture
and wellbeing?
- 14.00-15.30
- Measuring
quality of life in Thailand: a measure using culture-specific
items and individual priorities for well-being - Alison
Woodcock, Laura Camfield, Faith Martin, Allister McGregor
- Cross Cultural Analysis of the
Personal and National Wellbeing Index across three different
cities: Bogota, Toronto and Belo Horizonte. Evidences for the
emergence of new domains - Eduardo Wills Herrera
- Needs, Wants, and Wellbeing: Perceived
Needs in Northeast and South Thailand - Laura Camfield,
Allister McGregor, Alison Woodcock
Session 3: Wellbeing & development
- 16.00-17.30
- Subjective
Well-Being from a Developing Country Perspective. Anti-Development
in an Upside Down World -
Jorge Yamamoto
- Enhancing Poverty-Abatement Programs: A Subjective
Well-Being Contribution - Mariano Herrera
Rojas
-Towards a four tiered analysis of links between
economic and subjective wellbeing indicators using data from
Peru - James Copestake, Wan-Jung Chou, Monica Guillen Royo,
Tim Hinks, Jackeline Velazco
The
meaning of wellbeing: a grassroots level perspective – how
much of it is visible to the researchers?
Meera Tiwari [email protected]
This paper discusses the grassroots level understanding
of wellbeing. There is rich and ever expanding literature
on the meaning of wellbeing in development studies. The research
community has intensely debated the relationship between
wellbeing and poverty. There is recognition and increasing
agreement on the inter-changeability of wellbeing and poverty
reduction amidst researchers. In recent times wellbeing has
been scrutinised under non-income and income wellbeing within
the discourse on multidimensionality of poverty. The measurement
and the quest for a better understanding of wellbeing in
developing countries have never been higher on the international
development agenda. The agenda, the debates and research
outputs though in a majority of instances are based on quantitative
data. The World Bank’s comprehensive effort to capture
the voices of the poor has come under much criticism for
rigour and storytelling. There is paucity of studies that
focus on the perception and understanding of poor about their
wellbeing in the literature. The current study is an attempt
to address this gap.
The paper is based on the findings of the primary research
carried out by the author in villages in Dhar district of
Madhya Pradesh and Madhubani district
of Bihar in India. Three income categories of rural households – those
below poverty line, those with marginal landholdings, and those with medium
landholdings were interviewed using semi-structured instruments. The paper
identifies commonality in the perception of the population at the grassroots
level and the researchers in the understanding of wellbeing. More importantly,
it draws attention to factors critical in how wellbeing is understood at the
grassroots but which may be outside the radar of the researchers. It is envisaged
that such a mapping of the understanding of wellbeing has important long-term
policy implications for poverty reduction.
Well-Being
is a Process of Becoming: Research with Organic Farmers
in Madagascar
Cathy Rozel Farnworth [email protected]
Malagasy players see in export-orientated
organic agriculture a way for the island to build upon
its historic export strengths
(spices, essential oils, medicinal plants and tropical fruits).
They point to the de facto organic status of most farming
in the country and view organic production strategies as
a means for Malagasy farmers to differentiate their produce
in the highly competitive world market. However, producing
for the export market poses significant challenges for Malagasy
farming communities. The promotion of entrepreneurial, individualistic
values by private players and NGOs, for example by seeking
out and developing ‘model farmers’, harms norms
that prize togetherness. The promotion of certain types of
agronomic practice, understood by the international organic
agriculture movement to form the heart of good agricultural
practice, can seem to undermine the basics of good farming
locally. For example slash and burn cultivation is not permitted
under organic certification, but has for centuries been employed
as a weed and fertilisation management strategy. Manuring
is generally considered integral to organic farming, but
is ‘taboo’ in Madagascar. Complying with the
rules and regulations of organic farming for export can be
very stressful, and change long-standing ways of relating
to land.
Despite, therefore, its apparent ‘fit’ with
existing farming practice, ‘true’ certified organic
practice does not necessarily offer a means towards achieving
a Malagasy-defined ‘good life’. Yet farmers are
very interested in the opportunities for much-needed cash
that organic farming offers. This presentation will ask:
Is it possible for poor people to set the terms of debate
in international commodity chains? How can people engage
in the world community, yet protect and develop their own
vision of a ‘good life’? How can other stakeholders
in international commodity chains ensure that their actions
do not harm the ability of poor people ‘to be this,
and o do that’?
The theoretical framework is inspired by Sen and Nussbaum’s
work on capabilities, and I will set out nine principles
that I have developed which seem important when trying to
capture and measure ‘quality of life’. Centring
the presentation on organic farming is useful because it
illustrates how an attempt to ‘act ethically’ can
nevertheless go awry if a conceptual understanding of what ‘counts’ as
a good life is not understood by other, generally more powerful,
stakeholders in a commodity chain. The presentation itself
will be image-rich, and I will try to ensure some audience
participation, for example through a pair work exercise.
Of course, I will keep to time.
Full paper
Does
Mixed Methods Research Matter To Understanding Childhood
Well-Being?
Nicola Jones, ODI and Andrew
Sumner [email protected]
There has been a rich debate in development studies on combining
research methods in recent years. We explore the particular
challenges and opportunities surrounding mixed methods approaches
to childhood well-being. We argue that there are additional
layers of complexity due to the distinctiveness of childhood
poverty. This paper is structured as follows. Sections 2
and 3 discuss the nature of mixed methods approaches and
tensions. Sections 4 and 5 apply these debates to researching
childhood well-being in particular. Section 6 concludes and
discusses future work.
Full paper
‘Translation
is not enough’: Using the Global Person Generated Index
(GPGI) to assess Individual Quality of Life in Bangladesh,
Thailand, and Ethiopia
Laura Camfield and Danny Ruta [email protected]
Currently few subjective measures of
Quality of Life (QoL) are available for use in developing
countries, which limits
their theoretical, methodological, and practical contribution
(for example, exploring the relationship between economic
development and QoL, and ensuring effective and equitable
service provision). One reason for this is the difficulty
of ensuring that translated measures preserve conceptual,
item, semantic, operational, measurement; and functional
equivalence (Herdman et al, 1998:331), which is illustrated
by an account of the translation, pre-piloting, and administration
of a new individualised QoL measure, the Global Person Generated
Index or ‘GPGI’. The GPGI is based on the widely
used Patient Generated Index (Ruta et al, 1994) and offers
many of the advantages of the participatory approaches commonly
used in developing countries, with added methodological rigour,
and quantitative outcomes. It was successfully validated
in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Ethiopia, using quantitative
and qualitative methods - open-ended, semi-structured interviews
(SSIs), conducted immediately post-administration. Both the
measure and method of ‘qualitative validation’ described
later in the paper offer an exciting alternative for future
researchers and practitioners in this field. The quantitative
results suggest the GPGI shows cultural sensitivity, and
is able to capture both the areas that are important to respondents,
and aspects of life one would expect to impact on QoL in
developing countries. There were strong correlation between
scores from the GPGI and SSIs for the area of health, and
moderate correlations for ‘material wellbeing' (MWB)
and children. Weak to moderate correlations were observed
between the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the GPGI; however,
the highest coefficient was between the GPGI and the most
conceptually similar item. Statistically significant differences
were seen in GPGI scores between rich and poor, urban and
rural respondents, and different countries. Health and material
wellbeing scores, derived from the SSIs, also showed a linear
relationship with GPGI scores, with a suggestion of curvilinearity
at the higher levels, as predicted by a general QoL causal
model. In conclusion, the GPGI has great potential for use
in this area, especially when supported by extensive interviewer
training, and supplemented with a cognitive appraisal schedule.
Full
paper
Subjective Well-Being
from a Developing Country Perspective. Anti-Development in
an Upside Down World
Jorge Yamamoto [email protected]
This conference presents the wellbeing in Perú perspective
in three main areas: epistemological, empirical and ethical.
Epistemological issue is stated by an alternative methodological
approach to well-being without reliance on externally dictated
theories and indicators, through an emic and post-hoc procedure.
Empirical results (iteration between ethnographic, in-depth
interviews -N=400-, psychometric scales -N=500-; content
analysis and structural equation modeling) will be presented
with an alternative theory of needs, an alternative satisfaction
with the life model and an integrative well-
being (which includes personality and values) model which
leads to a multilevel theory of social behaviour.
These results provide explanations about why appointed third
world countries are higher in world happiness surveys than
self appointed first world countries. Two ethical issues
will be discussed: (1) If there is evidence that appointed
third world countries have different life goals, and different
values compared to self appointed first world countries,
(and those “third world” goals and values seems
to be highly adaptive) and international development programs
understand development in their own way, can we conclude
that international development is a post-modern way of benevolent
imperialism? (2) What is the role of developed countries
wellbeing theories and research programs in this process?
In addition, some two common sense questions will be discussed:
What is the logic behind the international development effort
to lead these countries to follow the unhappiness society
model? Are there some Emancipatory challenges for the people
and academics from subjective wellbeing oriented countries?
Full paper
Cross Cultural Analysis of the Personal
and National Wellbeing Index across three different cities:
Bogota, Toronto and Belo Horizonte. Evidences for the emergence
of new domains
Professor Eduardo Wills H [email protected]
There is a need for comparative research about subjective
wellbeing indicators at the national or local levels. This
research provides a framework for comparing subjective
wellbeing indicators at the city level. A comparative cross
cultural study was performed in 2006 in three cities (Bogotá,
Toronto and Belo Horizonte) of Canada, Colombia and Canada.
The Personal Wellbeing Index PWI and the National Wellbeing
Index NWI were proposed for interpersonal comparisons at
the city level. The Personal Wellbeing Index was created
from the Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale (ComQol, Cummins,
1993) at Deakin University, Melbourne as part of the International
Wellbeing group, and has been successfully applied and
validated in other cities such as Bogotá, Colombia
(Wills, 2006).
Cummins et al (1994) and Cummins (1996) have provided both
empirical and theoretical arguments for the use of seven
domains that comprise PWI including satisfaction with the
individual’s standard of living, health, achievements
in life, personal relationships, security, connectedness
with community and future security. The National Well-being
Index (NWI) includes six domains (Satisfaction with the
Economic Situation, the State of the Environment, Social
Conditions, the Government, Business and Local Security).
The study presents the results of the validation of PWI
and NWI and their constituent domains in the three cities
as well as their comparative results. Two new domains:
satisfaction with spirituality and religiosity and satisfaction
with ethnic diversity are proposed and tested as possible
significant contributors of satisfaction with life as a
whole scale (SWLS) (Diener, et al, 1985). The article discusses
the importance of satisfaction with spirituality and religiosity
for explaining subjective wellbeing indicators. Cross-cultural
recommendations of how to apply and interpret the index
to a wider number of cities, as well as the index’s
strengths and limitations are discussed.
Full paper
Measuring
quality of life in Thailand: a measure using culture-specific
items and individual priorities for well-being
Alison Woodcock*, Laura Camfield**, Faith Martin**,
Allister McGregor** a[email protected]
Organizational affiliations:
* Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of
London. ** Wellbeing in Developing Countries ESRC Research
Project (WeD), University of Bath.
Background: One challenge for the Wellbeing
in Developing Countries (WeD) research programme has
been to develop
a way of studying quality of life that explores the social
and cultural construction of people’s wellbeing in
four developing countries. This study therefore describes
validation of an individualised measure of quality of life
(WeDQoL-Goals-Thailand), identifying scales/subscales and
determining an appropriate scoring method.
Methods: 369 people in Thailand completed
the 51-item WeDQoL by interview. Respondents rated (0-2)
the perceived
necessity for wellbeing of 51 goals (goal necessity), then
rated (0-3) their satisfaction with the same goals (goal
satisfaction). Weighted goal attainment (possible range
0-6) was computed as the product of necessity and satisfaction.
Psychometric validation used frequency distributions, Principal
Components Analysis (PCA), item-total correlations and
Cronbach’s alpha. Analysis of variance, independent
t-tests, Spearman’s correlation and multiple regression
explored socio-demographic, geographic and economic differences
in scale and subscale scores.
Results: Respondents were aged 15-89
(mean 45.7, sd 18.0); 169 men, 200 women. All completed
the measure fully. Based
on interviewers’ reports, seven items were excluded
from analysis. For weighted goal attainment scores, PCA
found a 44-item scale (alpha 0.91) and three subscales
(community/social/health, alpha 0.90; house and home, alpha
0.80; nuclear family, alpha 0.81). Thai Individualised
Goal Attainment (TIGA) scale and three subscales were computed
as the mean of contributing weighted goal attainment scores,
after excluding any goals considered ‘not necessary’ for
the individual’s wellbeing. Scores differed according
to age-group, gender, marital status, region, religion,
location (rural, peri-urban, urban) and economic indicators.
TIGA total scale scores were predicted by being older,
married, living in the South and in a non-urban location.
Discussion and conclusions: The WeDQoL-Goals-Thailand
has excellent psychometric properties. The individualised
scale and three subscales reflect each person’s individual
perspective and are sensitive to subgroup differences.
Because the TIGA total scale score is computed from items
including those relating to the nuclear family, scores
are artificially depressed for younger people without a
partner and children. Allowances can be made for this in
analysis, or the subscale scores can be used to provide
more detailed information about individual experiences
of life in the community/social/health arena, the house
and home and the nuclear family domains. Similar measures
for Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Peru have rather different
structures, but each includes a total individualised scale
score that reflects both cultural and individual priorities
for well-being.
Needs,
Wants, and Wellbeing: Perceived Needs in Northeast and
South Thailand
Laura Camfield, Allister
McGregor, Alison Woodcock [email protected]
The paper explores the relationships between
needs and wants both in theory and in the context of the
reported perceived needs of people in the Northeast and South
of Thailand. This debate is located in a wider discussion
about what we mean by wellbeing, and whether it is a concept
that can be of use both for our understanding of what people
are seeking to achieve in processes of development and what
policy-makers can and should be doing about it. Empirical
research on needs satisfaction and subjective wellbeing in
developing countries is reviewed, focusing particularly on
studies eliciting local definitions and priorities. This
supports the positive relationship between need satisfaction
and wellbeing, and underlines the value of focusing on people's
goals as broadly representative of their values and aspirations.
The paper then reports research conducted as part of the
Wellbeing in Developing Countries ESRC Research Group's work
in seven rural, peri-urban, and urban sites using open-ended
and 'closed' questions to explore what men and women from
a range of backgrounds and locations perceived as necessary
to their happiness. It explores the degree of convergence
between perceived needs captured through individualised methods,
and those represented or implicit in influential 'universal'
and 'local' models.
Finally, the paper concludes by discussing the potential
role of measures of need satisfaction as proxies for wellbeing,
and the role of the WeDQoL weighted goal attainment scale
in particular as a cross-cultural measure of eudaimonic wellbeing.
It cautions that while the WeDQoL can provide an accurate
representation of people's subjective quality of life by
enabling respondents to identify and prioritise the areas
that contribute to their wellbeing, this is only part of
the puzzle. It recommends that an integrated framework for
exploring wellbeing incorporate objective and subjective
measures of what people have, what they can do, and what
they feel about what they have and can do.
Enhancing
Poverty-Abatement Programs: A Subjective Well-Being Contribution
Mariano Herrera Rojas [email protected] The Millennium Development Goals Declaration placed poverty
at the centre of international development goals. In consequence,
the abatement of poverty became the main motivation in the
design of domestic policies by governments in developing
countries and in the design of foreign-aid programs run by
international organizations. Poverty abatement also constitutes
a crucial performance indicator for local governments and
international organizations. Although different poverty measures
are computed (such as the percentage of people beneath a
poverty line and FGT indices), the Millennium Development
Goals implementation mostly follows an income-based conception
of poverty; consequently, the main objective of poverty-abatement
programs is to get people out of poverty by increasing their
purchasing power.
In agreement with MDG's objectives, there has been a proliferation
of poverty-abatement programs across Latin American countries.
Of special relevance are conditional cash transfer programs,
such as Oportunidades in Mexico and Avancemos in Costa Rica.
The design and evaluation of these programs is based on the
percentage of people who attain income levels beyond an income-based
poverty line.
This paper studies the design and evaluation of poverty
abatement programs in Latin America. It questions the implicit
assumption that maintains that raising the income received
by persons automatically translates into greater well-being.
It uses a life-satisfaction conception of well-being and
a domains-of-life approach to directly question this assumption
and to propose well-being enhancing poverty-abatement programs.
The paper shows that a subjective well-being approach can
be useful in the design of poverty-abatement programs that
not only help people to get out of poverty but also to place
them in a life-satisfying situation. The paper also argues
that subjective well-being indicators should be taken into
consideration for the evaluation of poverty abatement programs.
Based on the longstanding tradition of the Leyden school
(Goedhart, Halberstadt, Kapteyn, and van Praag, 1977; van
Praag, Goedhart, and Kapteyn, 1980; van Praag, Spit, and
van de Stadt, 1982; van Praag and Ferrer-i-Carbonell, 2004)
the paper argues that it is important to conceive poverty
as a situation where a person is in low well-being (Rojas
2006) and that a subjective well-being conception of poverty
is useful for the design of well-being enhancing social programs.
For this reason, the paper distinguishes between income poverty
(being beneath the income poverty line) and well-being deprivation
(being beneath a low life satisfaction level)
Based on a relatively large survey applied in central Mexico,
as well as on another survey applied in Costa Rica, the paper
empirically studies well-being patterns out of income poverty
(Graph below illustrates these patterns)
The graph illustrates that it is possible for some people
to follow a pattern that takes them out of income poverty
while remaining in well-being deprivation. Persons can have
more income, but it does not necessarily imply having greater
life satisfaction. On the other hand, it is possible to follow
a pattern that gets people out of income poverty while increasing
their subjective well-being. The latter pattern (Pattern
B) is highly desirable.
The paper shows that a complete understanding of these two
patterns requires a study of other dimensions of life that
have been neglected by traditional poverty-abatement programs.
The consideration of other dimensions of life (beyond the
economic dimension) and a better understanding of the relationship
between income and all dimensions of life is fundamental
for the design of well-being enhancing poverty-abatement
programs. The empirical analysis shows that there is more
in life than the standard of living, and that for many people
there are more important domains.
The paper argues that to improve the well-being impact of
poverty-abatement programs it is imperative to recognize:
First, that persons are complex and that they derive their
well-being from satisfaction in many domains of life. Second,
that even though the economic domain of life is relevant,
it does not determine life satisfaction. Third, that an improvement
in income -and, perhaps, in economic satisfaction- is not
necessarily accompanied by an increase in satisfaction in
other crucial domains of life. Fourth, that it is possible
to design programs that expand the positive impact of a raising
income on life satisfaction. Fifth, that in order to enhance
these poverty-abatement programs it is necessary to go beyond
the economic domain of life to consider the impact of public
policies in other domains. Sixth, that the sphere of public
intervention should not be limited to those factors related
to income generation alone.
The investigation ends up discussing some specific well-being
enhancing policies to complement poverty-abatement programs.
The paper concludes that it possible for public policy to
get people out of income poverty while placing them in a
life-satisfying situation.
Full
paper
Towards
a four tiered analysis of links between economic and subjective
wellbeing indicators using data from Peru
James Copestake,
Wan-Jung Chou, Monica Guillen Royo, Tim Hinks, Jackeline
Velazco [email protected]
The central purpose of this chapter is to compare
how people are classified according to standard economic
welfare measures with indicators of how they themselves think
and feel. The introduction includes a brief review of secondary
literature linking the two in Peru. Data is then presented
for each site on resources, income, expenditure, consumption
and poverty at the household level. Selected economic and
demographic indicators are then compared statistically with
(a) an index of global happiness (d) subjective wellbeing
indicators derived from the WeDQoL. The conclusion suggests
scope for a four tiered analysis of variation in subjective
wellbeing that distinguishes between individual, intra-household,
household and supra-household effects.
Full
paper
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